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AWWA DSS92020
- Evaluation of "C" Factors in Modeling Distribution Systems
- Conference Proceeding by American Water Works Association, 01/01/1993
- Publisher: AWWA
$12.00$24.00
One of the main parameters that is adjusted to calibrate pipe network simulation models is the C factor, which is a measurement of internal friction. Though most hydraulic texts and handbooks give average values for new pipes made from various materials, it is more difficult to estimate C values for old pipes. This paper reviews methods for estimating how time and water quality affect C factors. It concludes with a case study from the McCord well field of the Memphis Light, Gas, and Water system. This paper shows the equations used and explains the rationale for a C value for older pipe. The application of this method of estimating C factors proved to be very successful.
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