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ICAO 9974
- Flight Safety and Volcanic Ash - Risk Management of Flight Operations with Known or Forecast Volcanic Ash Contamination (Doc 9974)
- Handbook / Manual / Guide by International Civil Aviation Organization, 2012
- Publisher: ICAO
$17.00$33.00
Volcanic ash consists mostly of sharp-edged, hard glass particles and pulverized rock. It is very abrasive and, being largely composed of siliceous materials, has a melting temperature below the operating temperature of modern turbine engines at cruise thrust. A volcanic ash cloud may be accompanied by gaseous solutions of sulphur dioxide (which when combined with water create sulphuric acid), chlorine (which when combined with water create hydrochloric acid) and other chemicals which are corrosive to the airframe and are hazardous to health. Given these facts, it is self evident that volcanic ash in theatmosphere may pose a serious hazard to aircraft in flight. Thus aircraft should avoid volcanic ash encounters.
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